Establishing a stand: Freezing temperatures may damage Orchardgrass in the young seedling stage. Thus, Fall seedings should be made about 45 days before the first killing frost (usually about 27 to 28 degrees Fahrenheit) so seedlings can develop well enough to survive the Winter. For this reason, Fall seedings are not recommended in the northern one-third of the state. Late August to early September are considered best Fall seeding dates in most of the state, with mid-September seedings satisfactory in the extreme southern areas. Spring seedings should be successful if made in late March to early April in the southern part of the state, and most of April is considered satisfactory. A clean, firm seedbed is important to help plants make a more vigorous early growth and resist Winter heaving. Orchardgrass may be seeded with fly-resistant wheat in south Missouri, seeded with Spring oats in north Missouri or interseeded with Winter Wheat in early spring. Competition from small grains should be reduced by using them for pasture, hay or haylage. Buying a certified variety gives the best assurance of obtaining quality seed. The minimum specifications for certified Orchardgrass seed are 85% purity and 80% germination. Eight lbs. of clean, high germination seed is usually adequate to obtain good stands of Orchardgrass. A pound of Orchardgrass seed will contain about 645,000 seeds, roughly 2 to 2.5 times the number of seeds in one pound of tall fescue. Seeding Methods: Drilling Orchardgrass and the companion legume seed is preferred. The use of drills, such as the Brillion type or grain drills, will usually result in better stands at the same seeding rate, more controlled seeding depth and better seed distribution than broadcasting. Good results are obtained with grain drills when Orchardgrass is put through the grain box and the companion legume is seeded from the small legume box. The legume seed should be allowed to drop straight to the ground to prevent covering too deep. Drag chains on the drill will cover the seed adequately. Pull a cultipacker or light roller over the field to give good seed-to-soil contact and promote more vigorous seedling growth. Fertilizer and Lime: Seedings of Orchardgrass can also be made with broadcast equipment such as fertilizer trucks, buggies or tractor-mounted distribution. Broadcast equipment will not throw Orchardgrass seed as far as it will throw fertilizer or heavier seeds such as fescue. To help avoid uneven stands, drive the equipment close enough to overlap the previous spread pattern to ensure even seed distribution. Orchardgrass seed should be covered with about 1/4 to 1/2 in. of soil. Spike tooth harrows or "brush type" drags make good tools for covering broadcast seed. The use of a cultipacker or lightweight roller is very important for the same reasons cited above. Establishment: Take a good soil sample and follow soil test recommendations for lime and fertilizer when seeding Orchardgrass or grass-legume mixtures. Best results occur after incorporating recommended limestone in advance of final seedbed preparation. Companion legumes will require lime applications to be worked into the soil at least six months preceding planting. This is especially true when preparing soils with high lime requirements or when Alfalfa will be in the forage mixture. Orchardgrass is more tolerant of acid soils than Timothy or Bromegrass but will respond to limestone that is applied for a companion legume. Phosphorus is very important for good root development. When soils are extremely low in phosphorus (10 lbs. P or less), it is a good practice to apply and incorporate the major portion of recommended phosphorus, then apply some as a starter. Band seeding with some phosphorus-starter fertilizer markedly improves seedling vigor of grasses or grass-legume mixtures. Soil test recommendations for establishment of Orchardgrass or Orchardgrass-legume mixtures will normally require 20 to 30 lbs. N, 50 to 120 lbs. P2O5 and 40 to 60 lbs. K2O per acre. Production: Orchardgrass and orchardgrass-legume mixtures have high yield potentials. Various studies have shown that Orchardgrass will respond to high levels of fertility. The following fertility practices should be applied to realize the top potential of pure stands of Orchardgrass. Soil test reports should be used as a guide in determining rates of N, P2O52O to apply for desired yield goals. In the absence of a soil test, 80 to 120 lbs. N plus 40 to 60 lbs. P2O5 plus 100 to 140 lbs. K2O should be used. When using the heavier rates of N, apply 65 to 70% of the N with the Winter application. The remainder of the N should be applied immediately after the first cutting in August to encourage late Summer growth. Make the Winter application of fertilizer from early February to about mid-March in south Missouri and about two weeks later in the northern part of the state. Normally, the top annual yields in south Missouri will range from 2.5 to 3 tons per acre. North Missouri yields may reach 3 to 4 tons per acre due to better moisture-holding ability of soils and slightly lower temperatures. Yields of Orchardgrass can be seriously reduced by high temperatures, low moisture supplies and the presence of plant diseases. Nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied when the stand contains 30% or more of Alfalfa, Red Clover or Ladino Clover. Mixtures of Orchardgrass Alfalfa will remove about 10 to 12 lbs. of P2O5 and 35 to 45 lbs. of K2O for each ton of forage. Potassium fertility is especially important when Orchardgrass is grown with Alfalfa, and should not be allowed to become limiting. Orchardgrass competes vigorously with Alfalfa for potassium, potentially reducing the yield and persistence of Alfalfa. Orchardgrass produces heavy growth during April and May. This growth can be used for pasture, hay, greenchop or silage. Graze it heavily or mechanically harvest it early to promote high yields of high quality forage. Pasture Management: When managed properly, Orchardgrass will produce excellent results in pasture programs for dairy and beef. Properly managed Orchardgrass plants will have a higher leaf-to-stem ratio than Tall Fescue. Several research studies have demonstrated higher animal intake and better animal performance from Orchardgrass pasture as compared with Tall Fescue pasture, especially during Spring and early Summer. During a three-year study in Missouri, yearling steers gained 1.75 lbs. per day on Orchardgrass pasture, 1.16 lbs. on Tall Fescue, and 1.84 lbs. on Bromegrass. In the study, the carrying capacity of Orchardgrass was well above Bromegrass and slightly less than Fescue. In a similar study involving cow/calf pairs, calves gained 1.80 lbs. per day on Orchardgrass and 1.51 lbs. per day on Fescue. Mixtures of Orchardgrass and Clover (Red or Ladino) are very popular for pasture in Missouri. Rotational grazing with heavy stocking rates of cattle will give better animal performance and reduce spot grazing. If plants are continually grazed short, they will be weakened and stands may be depleted. Close grazing can be especially detrimental during hot weather. Heavy grazing of Orchardgrass during October can decrease carbohydrate storage and lead to some Winter kill of plants. Stands of Orchardgrass will often be more persistent when grown with a companion legume. Hay Management: Orchardgrass will produce excellent yields when grown in pure stands or with legumes. When using pure stands for hay, it is imperative that nitrogen be applied in combination with adequate phosphorus and potassium. Harvesting the spring growth of Orchardgrass at late-boot to early-head stage will produce higher-quality forage than allowing the plant to mature further. This early harvest will also help increase yield of high quality re-growth. Forage researchers and several Missouri farmers have observed less damage to plants from Summer heat and drought when the first harvest is made early and plants have time to re-grow before the stress. Some south Missouri farmers have reported almost 100% loss of stands when harvest was delayed to the late bloom stage. This can be more of a concern when late harvest is followed by high temperatures and low moisture supply. As with close grazing, close cutting can lead to stand reduction. Harvesting at a height of four in. will help maintain strong root reserves, leading to fast recovery of re-growth and better stand persistence. Mixtures of Orchardgrass with Alfalfa or Red Clover should be managed to favor the legume. This is especially true with reference to fertilizer application and stage of maturity to harvest. Alfalfa Orchardgrass mixtures should normally be harvested when Alfalfa is at early bloom to one tenth bloom. This harvest state will produce good dry-matter yields, quality forage and favor stand persistence of the Alfalfa. Many diseases attack Orchardgrass. Stem rust, leaf spots, brown stripe and scald are among the most prevalent in Missouri and surrounding states. Recent evidence from the University of Missouri's Orchardgrass breeding program showed that the presence of rust on leaves lowered animal digestibility of the forage. Three years of grazing studies have documented that rust-infected Orchardgrass varieties gave 0.2 to 0.3 lbs. per day less average daily gains than varieties having little or no infection. Diseases of Orchardgrass are also partly responsible for stand depletions. Data from the University of Missouri showed that when the stem rust pathogen is present, Orchardgrass stands are severely depleted during late July and throughout the month of August. The best and most practical means of controlling diseases, hence improving animal performance and stand persistence, is to plant varieties that are resistant or highly tolerant to foliar diseases. Seed production: The production of Orchardgrass seed has not been a big business in Missouri. This is probably due to less demand than for Tall Fescue seed and because very few acres of Orchardgrass are grown alone, making them suitable for seed harvest. Some producers have experienced difficulty in producing well-filled, high-quality seed. With the release of a more persistent, better performing variety, some Missouri farmers may be interested in seed production. Good seed yields should be expected when farmers apply fertilizer according to soil test recommendations. This will usually include 60 to 80 lbs. N applied in December or January. Higher rates of N will tend to encourage lodging. Nitrogen needs to be applied earlier than for hay production, as early applications form reproductive growth over leafy growth. Seed yields also can be increased by clipping and removing the stubble shortly after each year's seed harvest. The Summer re-growth may be used for grazing, but avoid heavy grazing during September and October. Forage can be grazed later in the fall when plants have become more Winter hardy. However, this late fall growth will be less acceptable to cattle than tall fescue.